Economic Growth Strategy Europe – The Commission adopted a package of measures and legislative proposals to promote sustainable growth and help Europe make the transition to a more circular economy.
Managing the life cycle of natural resources, from extraction through product design and production to what is considered waste, is essential for green growth and is part of the development of a resource-efficient circular economy in which nothing is wasted. Smarter design, allowing products to be repaired, reused, processed and then reprocessed, should be the norm.
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It is good for business, citizens and nature. The European Commission promotes resource efficiency, fosters o-innovation, provides tools that can help you produce green products and supports innovative o-friendly businesses.
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The greener term means growth and new job opportunities. o-design, o-innovation, waste prevention and reuse of raw materials can result in net savings for EU businesses of up to €600 billion. Further steps to increase resource productivity by 30% by 2030 could increase GDP by almost 1% while creating 2 million more jobs. It also benefits the environment and reduces greenhouse gas emissions in Europe.
The Europe 2020 strategy is the Commission’s strategy for smart, inclusive and sustainable growth. The Commission actively supports businesses, administrations and consumers so that together we can transform the Union into a resource-efficient, green and competitive low-carbon economy. This is one of the three goals of the 7th Environmental Action Plan. To grow again and create new jobs, while contributing to the global goals for sustainable development, Europe cannot afford to waste this opportunity.
The Circular Onomy package can help us achieve green growth for Europe. Find out more about the many benefits of the circular economy and the steps the EU is taking to develop it.
The Commission is in the process of updating some of the content on this website in light of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union. If the site contains content that does not yet reflect the UK’s withdrawal, this is unintentional and will be addressed. This article covers the economic history of Europe from about AD 1000 to the earlier years. For context, see History of Europe.
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At the beginning of the first millennium, improvements in technique and technology began to appear. Monasteries spread throughout Europe and became important centers for gathering knowledge related to agriculture and forestry. The manor system, which existed under various names throughout Europe and Asia, allowed large landowners great control over both their land and its workers, in the form of peasants or serfs.
By 900 AD in Europe, the development of iron smelting allowed for increased production, leading to the development of agricultural tools such as plows, hand tools, and horseshoes. The plow was greatly improved, evolving into a wing plow capable of turning the heavy, wet soils of northern Europe. This led to deforestation in the area and a significant increase in agricultural production, which in turn led to an increase in the population.
Farmers in Europe moved from a two-column crop rotation to a three-column crop rotation, where one out of three fields was left in the field each year. This led to increased productivity and nutrition as the change in crop rotations led to the planting of different crops, including legumes such as peas, beans and beans. Inventions such as the improved horse harness and the whipple tree also changed farming methods.
Watermills were originally developed by the Romans, but were improved in the Middle Ages, along with windmills, and provided the power needed to grind grain into flour, cut wood and process flax and wool, and irrigate fields.
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Field crops include wheat, rye, barley and oats; They were used for bread and animal feed. Peas, beans and chickpeas became common from the 13th century onwards as food and forage crops for livestock; They also had nitrogen fixing properties. Mining reached its peak in the 13th century and remained more or less stable until the 18th century.
Although it was once thought that the limitations of medieval agriculture provided a ceiling on population growth during the Middle Ages, direct research
Show that the technology of medieval agriculture was always sufficient for the needs of the people under normal circumstances, and that only in extremely difficult times, such as the terrible period of 1315–1717, the needs of the population could not be satisfied. Met.
There were episodes of famine and also deadly epidemics. Land depletion, overpopulation, wars, disease and climate change caused hundreds of famines in medieval Europe.
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Around 1300 centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe stopped. Famines like the great famine of 1315–1317 slowly depleted the population. Few people starved to death because the weakest had already succumbed to routine disease that would otherwise have survived. A plague like the Black Death killed its victims in a populated area within days or hours, cutting the population of some areas in half by the number of survivors who escaped. Kishlansky reports:
The Black Death affected every aspect of life, accelerating the process of social, economic and cultural transformation that had already begun… fields were abandoned, jobs idled, international trade halted. The traditional bonds of kinship, village and religion were severed and the horrors of death, flight and failed expectations. “People didn’t care for my dead any more than we care for dead goats,” one survivor wrote.
The depletion of the population led to a shortage of manpower; The survivors were better paid and the peasants could shed the yoke of feudalism. There was also social unrest; France and the country experienced serious peasant revolts: Jacqueria, the Peasants’ Revolt. These events are called the crisis of the late Middle Ages.
A major technological advance came in long-distance navigation from the 8th to the 12th century. Viking raids and Crusader invasions of the Middle East led to the spread and refinement of the technology needed for transoceanic travel. Humans made improvements to ships, especially the longship. The astrolabe, for navigation, was very helpful for traveling long distances over the sea. Improvements in travel in turn increased trade and the distribution of consumer goods.
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From the 11th to the 13th century, farmers and small craft producers increasingly met in cities to trade their wares. They met at seasonal fairs or traded regularly. Craft associations, called guilds, encouraged the development of skills and the local growth of trade in certain goods. During the hundreds of years of this period, cities grew in size and number, first in the core of the gland, Flanders, France, Germany and northern Italy.
Spinning, weaving, sewing, and tailoring were considered women’s jobs until the mid-12th century, when they began to take some positions with more complex industrial structures and technologies. In the large cities of northern France, centers of medieval textile production, the transition to male-dominated production began even earlier, in the 11th century, when the vertical loom was replaced by the horizontal loom. Especially in the guilds of the furriers, tailors, dyers and tapestries controlled by M. A few women participated in guilds, but this was rare. Most trade roles were filled by m, while women were favored for household roles. When women were admitted to membership in the Agada, they were usually second-rank members (similar to young boys or the disabled).
The economic system of this era is commercial capitalism. The core of this system was trading houses supported by financiers who acted as intermediaries between producers of ordinary goods. This system continued until it was replaced by industrial capitalism in the 18th century.
Extensive economic activity began to intensify in Northern Europe and Southern Europe in the 13th century.
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Trade flourished in Italy (although not unified, but controlled by different princes in different cities), especially in the 13th century. The leading trade in Mediterranean Europe were traders from the port cities of Goa and Vichy. The wealth accumulated in Italy fueled the Italian Renaissance.
In the cities connected to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, a commercial monopoly developed in the Hanseatic League. This facilitated the growth of trade between the cities in close proximity to these two days. Long-distance trade in the Baltic region increased as the major trading ports united in the Hanseatic League led by Liebeck.
The League was a business alliance of merchant cities and their guilds that controlled trade along the coasts of northern Europe and flourished from 1200 to 1500 and continued to be of lesser importance thereafter. The main cities are Cologne on the Rhine River, Hamburg and Bremen on the North Sea, and Liebk on the Baltic Sea.
The Hanseatic League was a union of northern German and Baltic cities during the Middle Ages. The Hanseatic League was founded to unify efforts to advance commercial interests, defense power, and political influence. Until the 14th century, the Hanseatic League held a near monopoly on trade in the Baltic region, especially with Novgorod and Scandinavia.
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The collapse of the Roman Empire severed the connection of the French economy with Europe. City life and commerce dwindled and society was based on independent estates. some international